BIBLIOGRAPHY

FURTHER READING
CRITICAL WORKS

Calder, Jenni. Chronicles of Conscience: A Study of George Orwell and Arthur Koestler. London: Secker & Warburg. 1968. A useful look at literary sources for 1984.

Crick, Bernard. George Orwell: A Life. New York: Little, Brown and Co., an Atlantic Monthly Press book, 1980. If you're only going to look at one biography of Orwell, this should be the one. It's recent, interesting and complete.

Fyvel, T. R. George Orwell. New York: Macmillan, 1982. This personal memoir tells about Orwell's broadcasting days.

Hammond, J. R. A George Orwell Companion. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. A guide to the novels, documentaries and essays, with a long section on 1984 and a useful key to characters and locations.

Hynes, Samuel, editor. Twentieth Century Interpretations of 1984. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. 1971 selected essays about the novel by British and American writers including some acquaintances of Orwell.

Kalechofsky, Roberta. George Orwell: 1984. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1983. Biographical criticism with chronology.

Lewis, Peter. George Orwell: The Road to 1984. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1981. This swiftly paced, illustrated book is easy to read and gives interesting biographical background leading to the writing of 1984.

Sandison, Alan. The Last Man in Europe: An Essay on George Orwell. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1973.

Sperber, Murray. "Gazing into the Glass Paperweight: The Structure and Psychology of Orwell's 1984," Modern Fiction Studies, Vol. 26, pp. 213-26, 1980.

Stansky, Peter, editor. On Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York: San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1983. Essays about 1984 from all angles-political, sexual, ideological. A good range of Orwell criticism represented.

Stansky, Peter, and Abrahams, William. Orwell: The Transformation, and The Unknown Orwell. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1980. These volumes about Orwell's early life and work and his adult life up through the Spanish Civil War in 1937 are
as good as anything available. They tell as much about Orwell as a person as anything written and leave the reader hoping the authors are busy on Vol. III.

Steinhoff, William. George Orwell and the Origins of 1984. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press; 1975. This is an academic critic's scholarly book, but it does trace the background of Goldstein's book in 1984 thoroughly, along with
other literary influences on the novel.

Williams, Raymond. George Orwell. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971. A look at Orwell's responses to English society.

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