OVERALL ANALYSES

CHARACTERS

Candide

The name Candide means innocent. Just like his name and his characteristics, Candide is very innocent. He is simple and he trusts everyone. He is assumed to be the son of the Baron’s sister. He loves Cunégonde but is not bold enough to confess. He is very gentle. He listens to Pangloss’s talk and initially believes what he says although he does not really understand his high flown talk.

Candide is very much attracted to Cunégonde who is very beautiful. From the beginning of the novel to the end, he yearns for her and his only aim is to achieve her. He is seen in a romantic position with her. This makes the Baron very angry and he throws him out of the castle.

From the time he is made to leave the castle till the end of the novel, he goes through various adventures. He gradually matures from an innocent boy to an experienced and practical man.

When he is offered a choice between execution and flogging, he learns that one does not always have a choice between good and bad. One has to sometimes choose between bad and worse. He is terrorized by war and earthquakes. He often starts doubting Pangloss’s theory. His faith is restored from time to time when he comes across goodness in an otherwise evil society. The kindness of Jacques and the old lady gives him hope. His faith is shaken by events like auto-da-fé and other evils, which he encounters. There is a limit to the suffering Candide can endure. He kills Don Issachar and the Grand Inquisitor to protect himself. He runs a sword through the Baron’s son and thinks that the latter is dead, but the Baron’s son survives.

He goes to America hoping that he will find a better world. But he soon realizes that it is no better than Europe. In Paris he gets sick. In England his health is better. To a certain extent he represents Voltaire himself. Voltaire was disgusted in France and was much better off in England. Candide is ill treated by the nobleman Rohan-Chabot. Candide is imprisoned just as Voltaire was imprisoned in the Bastille for no fault of his. It is presumed that Candide maybe the illegitimate son on the baron’s sister. It is also presumed that Voltaire may have been the illegitimate son of Rochebrune. Through a series of adventures - tragic, comic, and eerie, he becomes an experienced mature person. There is sin and sufferings everywhere except in Eldorado. Eldorado is a haven of peace and joy. The king is free from vanity and welcomes him as his equals. Yet he does not stay long on this earthly paradise. He goes in search of Cunégonde. Such is the intensity of love he has for her. Whenever he is unable to find her he regresses to bleak pessimism. At such times he feels that Martin is right in saying that there is nothing but illusion.

When he is rushing to Cunégonde, he reverts to optimism feeling that he has hardly lost anything as he is rushing back to her arms. He feels happy that his position is better than that of the dethroned kings.

Candide often wonders whether PanglossÂ’s philosophy is right. He questions him whether he thought all was for the best even when he was mercilessly beaten, hanged and dissected. Finally, he politely but firmly rejects PanglossÂ’s philosophy and also MartinÂ’s extreme pessimism. The Dervish who tells him not to meddle in philosophical questions impresses him. According to him, the three great evils (boredom vice and need) can only be conquered through work.

At the end of the novel, he is bored and disillusioned with Cunégonde’s ugliness and her shrewish behavior. Yet he realizes that that though life cannot be ideal, it can at least be made tolerable by being practical, hardworking and honest. One cannot have the Garden of Eden, but one can at least cultivate our own garden and make ourselves reasonably happy. Through Candide and the character of Candide, Voltaire wishes to give this important message to his readers.

Cunégonde

Cunégonde is the Baron’s daughter. She is a young girl of seventeen. She is extremely beautiful and buxom. She has rosy cheeks. A Tutor, Dr. Pangloss, who is supposed to be an expert on various subjects, teaches her. One day she sees Dr. Pangloss doing some physical experiments with the chambermaid Paquette. She quickly decides to go through such experiments and experience their ‘causes and effects.’ Thus behind the screen she drops a handkerchief hoping that Candide will pick up. The result is that their knees tremble, their hands wander. The Baron sees them. He kicks Candide on his back and throws him out of his castle. Cunégonde faints. When she regains consciousness she is slapped by her mother, the Baroness.

After the first chapter, the reader is told about the tremendous suffering she goes through. She loves Candide and desperately wants to marry him. They meet from time to time but they come across some obstacle or the other, and she is unable to marry him. They are parted from each other again and again till she finally meets him at the end of the novel.

She loses her parents and the castle at Westphalia. She is raped as much as possible. Then various people use her. She is taken by a Bulgar captain and sold to a Jewish Banker, Don Issachar. Don Issachar and the Grand Inquisitor share her. While she goes through a lot of suffering, she realizes that Pangloss has cheated her by telling her that all is for the best. The reader feels sympathetic towards her.

The sensuality in her nature cannot be denied. Her conversation reveals it when she tells Candide that she appreciates his white skin, which is even whiter than the Bulgar captainÂ’s skin is. When she is robbed of her jewels she is amusingly self-centered and materialistic. She regrets that she will not find another Don Issachar or the Inquisitor to replace them.

When the governor Don Fernando proposes marriage to her, she asks for a quarter of an hour to think. Then she agrees to marry him when the old lady advises her to do so. Some readers feel that she does so because she does not care for Candide. However, it is possible that she is more concerned about his safety than his physical presence with her. If he had stayed on, he would have been executed for killing Don Issachar and the Grand Inquisitor. She thus runs to him and advises him to flee immediately. Thus, this shows her love and concern for him. Later the governor sells her off.

Candide finally meets Cunégonde at the house of the Prince of Transylvania while she and the old lady are hanging out the washing. Cunégonde has now become ugly, bloodshot, and wrinkled. She is so ugly that her brother grows pale with shock and sorrow. Candide is horrified. However, he politely recovers and buys freedom for Cunégonde and the old lady. Cunégonde does not realize that she has become so ugly. She insists that Candide should marry her. Her brother opposes the marriage. Her ugliness symbolizes the end of Candide’s empty dreams. It shatters his unrealistic hope for perfection. Her beauty had symbolized Candide’s ideal for happiness throughout the novel. However, in the end she proves a useful member of the small society in which she lives on Candide’s farm. She becomes a good pastry cook and finds pleasure and satisfaction in work.

Pangloss

Pangloss is the teacher of Cunégonde. He is supposed to be a very learned man and a philosopher. He talks a lot. He often explains his theory of ‘causes and effect,’ which makes no sense. According to him, the world he lives in is the best of all possible worlds.

Pangloss develops syphilis from Paquette, the chambermaid. When Cunégonde sees him physically involved with her, she decides to experience the ‘cause and effect’ of romance. She tries a little romance with Candide. They are seen, and Candide is thrown out of the castle. Thus he has an adverse effect on his students.

Pangloss is a man of all talk and no action. Even when Candide is badly hurt and asks for wine and oil, he keeps talking and philosophizing instead of helping him. According to him it is impossible for things not to be where they are, for everything is for the best. He tries to prove that a certain part of the ocean was meant for Jacques to drown in. His philosophy remains absurd till the end. Even when he is thoroughly bored, he keeps philosophizing. Naïve characters like Candide, Cunégonde, sometimes believe in his philosophy, but their faith wavers from time to time. Even when he is thoroughly bored, he keeps talking while others are working. He tells Candide that all events are linked up. For if he had not been expelled from the castle, if he had not stuck the Baron with the sword, and if he had not lost his sheep he would not be eating candied citrons and pistachios on his farm. At the end of the novel, Candide politely but firmly rejects his philosophy. He goes back to his work rather than waste his time listening to him.

Martin

Martin is pessimistic and an extremely unhappy man. He is chosen by Candide to accompany him. He sees only envy, murder, and hate everywhere except in Eldorado. When the guilty Dutch Captain drowns with the passengers, he sarcastically says that God punished the scoundrel but the devil has drowned the rest. Voltaire himself would have agreed with 2such sarcasm, as he himself did not believe that life is a fairy tale wherein the wicked are punished and the good people prosper. He has suffered shocking social atrocities.

Martin feels that the world exists to turn people mad. His idea is confirmed by the chaos in Paris. He believes that man is evil by nature. The fate of the kings confirms his view that everything is liable for sudden doom, which can be brought about by an earthquake, an assassination, a plague, a revolt, or any other happening. He also believes that there are millions of men whose condition is worse than that of the kings.

Martin approves of direct methods. In Constantinople, he advises that the Baron should be thrown directly into the sea. According to him man is born to suffer from restlessness, anxiety, and boredom. However, at the end of the novel he believes, like Candide, that one must work without arguing. That is the only way to make life bearable.

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